With reduced resources accessible (both in personnel and funding), smaller emerging sponsors will seldom have a sizable Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls (CMC) group, and in many cases may only have one support individual within their organization. It is common for all CMC activities from pre-IND through Phase 2 and even beyond to be coordinated by this one individual, often simultaneously with other responsibilities. Most if not all these sponsors, who in many cases are also virtual, use contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) for the CMC aspects of their development and manufacturing.